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CIELAB
The CIELAB Colour space, also referred to as \(L^*a^*b^*\) is a Colour Space defined by the International Commission on Illumination as one of the CIE 1976 Uniform Colour Spaces, alongside CIELUV.
It expresses colour as three values:
\(L^*\) - Perceptual lightness
\(a^*\) and \(b^*\) - the four Unique Colours of human vision: red, green, blue and yellow.
CIELAB, along with CIELUV produces colours that are more perceptually linear than other colour spaces.
It is defined with respect to a White Point, for which CIE recommends the D65 Standard Illuminant.
The \(a^*\) and \(b^*\) values are unbounded, and can easily exceed \(\pm\) 150 to cover the entire colour gamut. But software implementations often trim the values. For example, in integer math, a range of -128 to 127 is chosen.